Functional nanomaterials based on transition metal oxides are often used for the manufacture of supercapacitors and batteries, due to their special redox properties. The nanosized transition metal oxides used as the electrode material in some cases exhibit abnormally high values of capacitance and energy density. In this regard, it is important to understand what structural features of the nanomaterial determine the electrochemical characteristics of an electronic device. For this purpose, ceria nanorods and nanocubes were specifically synthesized under hydrothermal conditions at elevated pressure (15 MPa), different alkali contents, and two temperature regimes (100 and 180 C). The obtained CeO2 nanostructures were characterized using the methods of X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and low-temperature nitrogen adsorption. The electrochemical properties of ceria nanostructures were investigated in 1 M Na2SO4 water electrolyte. The influence of the structural and surface characteristics of the synthesized nanorods and nanocubes on their charge storage ability is discussed. It was shown that CeO2 in the form of nanocubes demonstrate higher specific capacitance in comparison with nanorods, which makes them more attractive for application in supercapacitors with neutral electrolytes.